The first being 8,000 pounds disappearing from the East Jersey Treasury

The Movie I Have Selected For My Film Review Is Field Of Dreams. I Fee

The film I have chosen for my film audit is Field of Dreams. I feel that it is a extraordinary film, and is a remarkable type of mainstream society. There are various occasions that occur all through this film show this. Field of Dreams stars Kevin Costner and James Earl Jones. Costner plays a person named Ray who, at some point while working in his corn field, hears a voice. The voice lets him know, ?If you fabricate it, he will come.? After he hears the voice a couple of times he tears down his corn field, and constructs a baseball field. Jones plays a resigned creator named Thomas Mann. Mann hears these voices likewise, and comprehends what Ray is experiencing. Hesitantly Mann obliges Ray. Inevitably old individuals from the White Sox, who got restricted from baseball forever, show up out of the corn field. They currently get an opportunity to take care of business once more. Mann winds up returning into the corn with the players at long last. This film is something beyond a film about a game. It has numerous other huge implications. Above all else, this film shows unwaveringness between Ray's better half and him. Most spouses would think their husbands were insane on the off chance that they revealed to them they heard voices, which were advising them to assemble a baseball field. It will take a huge amount of cash, and furthermore a ton of information on the best way to approach doing it. It show how she had faith in him when nobody else would tune in. She stayed by her better half like a spouse should do, and gave him bolster when required. I accept a great deal of Americans preferred seeing that sort of duty between two individuals, particularly in this present reality where it's not as common as it ought to be. The second point this film shows is the amount Ray adores baseball. Baseball has been a significant piece of American culture and culture since the late 1800's. It is known as America's leisure activity. All through the film it is made obvious of the affection Ray shows for the incredible round of baseball. The measure of cash he spends to make the field says enough. One scene shows Ray on a tractor as he is furrowing a field in anticipation of the structure of the arena. His little girl is perched on his lap. She is asking him a wide range of inquiries about baseball, and Ray answers every one of them such that you can inform he cherishes talking regarding it. Another scene gives him driving the nation over to discover help for what he is doing. The penances he makes for the game are mind boggling. Being a colossal baseball fan this film shows everything that is directly about baseball. It shows that it is a game, and ought to be played for entertainment purposes. The third point this film makes is it permits the fantasies of the players to live on. Individuals having dreams is the thing that causes the world to occur. Without having a fantasy nobody goes anyplace. In this film individuals from the old White Sox group that got prohibited from baseball can get once more into the game, and by and by experience the fantasies and dreams of playing the game they love. It sort of gives individuals trust, as it were, not to surrender. Still another point this film makes is in the realm of connections. The film shows the relations between a dad and child. Beam discovers that one of the players who returns to play is his dad. He understands that is the thing that the voice was letting him know. His dad was the person who might return on the off chance that he assembled the field. While he was growing up he didn't have the best relationship with his dad. His dad passed on while he was at a fairly youthful age. Beam knows that it is his dad. Beam's dad is youthful so he has no clue he is his child. That didn't make a difference however. Just to realize that his dad is back by and by is sufficient for Ray. This is an issue numerous individuals on the planet face. Heaps of fathers and children don't

How Smoking Ages Skin and Causes Premature Wrinkles

How Smoking Ages Skin and Causes Premature Wrinkles Addiction Nicotine Use Smoking-Related Diseases Print How Smoking Causes Early Aging and Premature Wrinkles By Sharon Basaraba twitter Sharon Basaraba is an award-winning reporter and senior scientific communications advisor for Alberta Health Services in Alberta, Canada. Learn about our editorial policy Sharon Basaraba Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Armeen Poor, MD on January 27, 2020 Armeen Poor, MD, is a board-certified pulmonologist and intensivist. He specializes in pulmonary health, critical care, and sleep medicine. Learn about our Medical Review Board Armeen Poor, MD Updated on February 19, 2020 Gilbert Laurie / Getty Images More in Addiction Nicotine Use Smoking-Related Diseases After You Quit How to Quit Smoking Nicotine Withdrawal The Inside of Cigarettes Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Coping and Recovery If you’re a heavy smoker, you may have noticed signs, such as premature wrinkles, that your skin is aging more dramatically than your peers who dont smoke. Researchers have documented the aging effects of smoking on skin and have even coined the phrase smokers face. So, why does this happen? Smoking and Your Body Tobacco’s effects on your heart, lungs,  and overall life span are well-known. Smoking has been described by the World Health Organization as the single greatest preventable cause of disease, disability, and death globally. In fact, long-term smokers are robbed of as much as a decade of life, according to large-scale studies on women and men. Tobacco smoke contains more than 3,800 different chemical components, many of which can damage tissues directly or interfere with chemical processes necessary to keep those tissues healthy. The same chemicals can cause wrinkles and other premature aging of your skin. Smoking and Your Skin Premature wrinkling was first documented in smokers in the early 1970s, in the Annals of Internal Medicine.?? In a study of more than 1,100 subjects, University of California researcher Harry W. Daniell noted that the severity of wrinklingâ€"after accounting for factors like age and sun exposureâ€"was most apparent in smokers of both sexes beginning around the age of 30. Smokers between the ages of 40 and 49, reported Daniell, were as likely to be “prominently” wrinkled as non-smokers who were 20 years older. Later research published in the American Journal of Public Health found that women smokers were more likely than male smokers to be moderately or severely wrinkled  when compared with non-smokers of the same age.?? Tobacco’s Effects Thanks to an estimated 4,000 or so chemical constituents, tobacco damages skin in a variety of ways, affecting its elasticity, texture, color and even its chemical makeup. These injuries leave skin more vulnerable to cancer such as squamous cell carcinoma  as well as noncancerous psoriasis. Whats more, smoking has been shown to impede wound healing and even worsen skin conditions like eczema. People exposed to second-hand smoke also face a greater risk of these skin problems. Smokers also often have yellowish or grayish skin, which is referred to as “smoker’s melanosis.” According to a 2009 study published in the Journal of Investigative Dermatology Symposium Proceedings, smoking likely accelerates the rate of skin aging by producing more of an enzyme called matrix metalloproteinase (MMP).?? In healthy skin, this enzyme breaks down collagen fibers, so new collagen can be formed. The researchers, from Nagoya City University Medical School, discovered that skin cells exposed to tobacco smoke extract produce much more of the destructive enzyme. In addition, skin cells treated with the extract generated 40 percent less fresh collagen. Collagen has been called the scaffolding that supports the outer layer of skin. When it’s destroyed or reduced, wrinkles result. It’s hypothesized that damage to small blood vessels near the surface of the skin might contribute to color changes in the faces of people who smoke. Future Faces and Anti-Smoking Campaigns Some scientists and public health advocates believe that warnings about tobacco’s effects on the skin would be more effective than statistics on smoking, cancer and heart disease. This approach has been tried by some North American school boards, and a 2011 study suggests they’re on the right track. Published in the British Journal of Health Psychology, the research found that when young women were shown photos of what they’d look like after years of smoking, the subjects were shocked at the aging effects of their habitâ€"and said they would quit.?? The study used so-called “age-progression” software developed in conjunction with the Ontario Science Centre. Called “Aprilage,” the program uses visual aging data compiled from thousands of faces to alter a photographâ€"adding the effects of a long-term smoking habit or of photoaging caused by years of ultraviolet exposure to the sun.

The Investment Decisions Of Britannia Company Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1687 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? INTRODUCTION: The given case deals with the Britannia Company; the report is divided into four parts, the first part deals with the investment decisions of the company, which I should take by calculating the Net Present Value (NPV). The next part of the report deals with the calculation of the future cash flows of the project. The third part deals of the case deals with answering whether investment decisions of the company will decide the future of the company or not. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Investment Decisions Of Britannia Company Finance Essay" essay for you Create order And the final part of the case asked to evaluate why NPV is the best technique for the evaluation of the capital projects PLANT AND MACHINERY OPEN WDV [email  protected]/* */% CLOSING WDV 1 500 125 375 2 375 94 281 3 281 70 211 4 311 78 233 5 233 58 175 6 175 44 131 7 131 33 98 8 98 25 74 9 74 18 55 10 55 14 42 BUILDING OPEN EDV [email  protected]/* */% CLOSING WDV 200 20 180 180 18 162 162 16 146 146 15 131 131 13 118 118 12 106 106 11 96 96 10 86 86 9 77 77 8 70 Here total depreciation is sum of depreciations calculated for PLANT AND MACHINERY, BUILDING, FURNITURE AND FITTINGSMOTOR VEHICLES. 1. A) If I was in the place of Mukesh, I totally dont agree with the companys management claim of justifying the value creation of the project on the share price. 1. B) Step 1: I calculated the NPV for the proposed project and observed that the spike in the share value was because the project was producing positive NPV. I would describe the process in which I have solved the problem or calculated NPV. Firstly I calculated the depreciation for different fixed assets except for the land. Different fixed assets are Plant and machinery. Buildings. Furniture. Motor vehicles. I calculated the depreciation of different fixed assets using the WDV method and then calculated the total depreciation by summing the individual depreciations. Step 2: Using the different variables, like number of units sold, selling price, variable cost and fixed cost, I calculated the total sales or revenue generated by the product over a time horizon of ten years. Now considering the initial cash flows which mainly consist of initial investment and working capital. In the project working capital is said to be considered as twenty percent of sales or revenue of that year. After calculating the working capital requirement for all the years it is preserved for calculating the change in working capital at the later stage. Now from sales or revenue variable cost, fixed cost and depreciation are subtracted so that we get the Earnings Before Interest and Tax (EBIT). EBIT represents the earnings of a company before paying interests to lenders and tax to the Government. Now I subtracted the corporate tax that has to be paid to the Government and according to the case corporate tax is given as thirty per cent. After that I added back t he depreciation to the original figure, then subtracting additional capital expenditure, in the case additional capital expenditure was added in the fourth year, and subtracting change in working capital requirement. Then finally we arrive at net annual cash flows. The initial cash flows are the investments. The cash flows between the years one to nine are calculated as described in the above process. The terminal cash flows are the cash flows that we get at the end of the project life. The terminal cash flows are calculated by adding the salvage values of the fixed assets, except for land, and recovery of working capital. In this step two I calculated the annual cash flows for the project. Step 3: Calculating the cost of capital using the Capital Asset Pricing Model. The Formulae is: Cost of capital or interest rate = Risk free market Rate + Beta * (Average Market Return Risk free market rate). Step 4: Calculating the cost of debenture using the Internal Rate of Return method. Here in the case the coupon amount is calculated as coupon amount = coupon rate * face value. Step5: Calculating the cost of debenture using the Internal Rate of Return method. Here the dividend amount is calculated as dividend amount = dividend rate * face value. Step6: Calculating the Weighted Average Cost of Capital using both Book Values and Market Values. WACC = We*Ke + Wp*Kp + Wd*Kd (1-T) We ƒ   Weight of Equity share capital. Ke ƒ   Cost of Equity share capital. Wp ƒ   Weight of preferential share capital. Kpƒ  Cost of Preferential share capital. Wd ƒ  Weight of Debenture capital. Kdƒ   Cost of Debenture capital. Step7: Using this Weighted Average Cost of Capital I calculated the NPV for the project. Here NPV means Net Present Value. C) I strongly recommend that Enam Securities should not buy the shares, this was drawn based on the above given calculations when the share price is 1540/-. Because at the current prize of 1400/- the net present value is 1376.17 cr and when divided by 10 cr the value is 137.6/-, this indicates that the current market price should increase by 137.6/- but the share price has gone by 140/- rupees 2) The future cash flows are shown in the above calculations. 3) Investment Decisions of the Company decides the future growth risk complexion of the Firm I totally agree with the given statement. Generally companies evaluate many investment decisions for expansion but the principle behind doing this is for taking a right decision so that the company will thrive. Growth The results of investment decisions lead into the future and have to be persisted for a longer period than the consequences of the current operating expenditure. A companys decision to invest in long term assets has decisive influence on the rate and direction of its growth. If the decision taken is wrong it can prove disastrous for the continued survival of the company; unprofitable or unwanted expansion of assets will result in heavy operating costs to the firm. On the other hand inadequate investment in assets would make it difficult for the firm to compete successfully and maintain its market share. Risk A long-term commitment of funds may also change the risk complexity of the firm. If the adoption of an investment increases average gain but causes frequent fluctuations in its earnings, the firm will become more risky. Thus, investment decisions shape the basic character of a firm. Take an example of Tata group, the investment decision that the company took and its diversification into various sectors and were very right at that point of time and the succeeded as the largest private group in India, in terms of market capitalization and revenues. 4) NPV is the best technique for the evaluation of capital projects. Net Present Value: Given that NPV seems to be telling us directly what we want to know, we might be wondering why there are so many other procedures and why alternative procedures are commonly used. We should keep in mind that we are trying to make an investment decision and that we are frequently operating under considerable uncertainty about the future. We can only estimate the NPV of an investment in this case. The resulting estimate can be very soft, meaning that the true NPV might be quite different. Because the true NPV is unknown, the financial manager seeks clues to help in assessing whether or not the estimated NPV is reliable. For this reason, firms would typically use multiple criteria for evaluating a proposal. By considering an example, when Cisco systems decided whether to acquire the Linksys Group in 2003, it had needed to consider both the costs and the benefits of the proposed acquisition. The costs included the initial purchase price and the ongoing costs of operating the busi ness. Benefits would be future revenues from sales of the Linksys products. The right way for Cisco to evaluate this decision was to compare the cash value today of the costs to the value today of the benefits by computing the NPV of this acquisition. Cisco should have undertaken the acquisition only if it had a positive NPV. A company has to decide whether to introduce a new product line. The new product will have startup costs, incoming cash flows and operational costs over six years. This project will have an immediate (t=0) cash outflow of $100,000 (which might include machinery, and employee training costs). Other cash outflows for years 1-6 are expected to be $5,000 per year. Cash inflows are expected to be $30,000 each for years 1-6. All cash flows are after-tax, and there are no cash flows expected after year 6. The  required rate of return  is 10%. The present value (PV) can be calculated for each year: Year Cash flow Present value T=0 frac{-100,000}{(1+0.10)^0} -$100,000 T=1 frac{30,000 5,000}{(1+0.10)^1} $22,727 T=2 frac{30,000 5,000}{(1+0.10)^2} $20,661 T=3 frac{30,000 5,000}{(1+0.10)^3} $18,783 T=4 frac{30,000 5,000}{(1+0.10)^4} $17,075 T=5 frac{30,000 5,000}{(1+0.10)^5} $15,523 T=6 frac{30,000 5,000}{(1+0.10)^6} $14,112 The sum of all these present values is the net present value, which equals $8,881.52. Since the NPV is greater than zero, it would be better to invest in the project than to do nothing, and the corporation should invest in this project if there is no mutually exclusive alternative with a higher NPV. Conclusion and Recommendations: The case says that Britannia Industries spent 10 cr for the research, this cost was not taken in any calculations because this is sunk cost. Sunk cost is considered as cost that cannot be reversed and irrespective of the use of that product the cost is incurred. This case helps Enam Securities to take the correct decision on whether to invest or not in the companys shares. Based up on my calculations, the recommendations to the Enam securities is they should not buy the share because the market price should have been increased by 137.2/- only, but the announced market price has increased by 140/- ruppes, therefore there is no scope in buying the shares of the company. The companys cost of equity is very high that is close to 21% and it should reduce that. This case clearly explains the answer to the third question that is Investment decision of the company will decide the future growth, because the company wanted to invest in a new project their share prices have increased in a way the company is expanding and this project will up to certain extant will decide the future of the company. My learning, from accepting NPV as a superior for evaluation of capital projects, made me use NPV for the evaluation of this case. I used IRR, for finding the cost of capital, when there were equal cash flows and used NPV when there were unequal cash flows.

Short Duration Of Action Potentials Essay - 1299 Words

Rational Systemically, the patient,CJ is stable, his arm is very painful, to the crew, CJ’s injury is not life threatening however the pain is real and precautions need to be taken to stabilise the limb and to minimise nerve or soft tissue damage. Adequate pain relief is required. Nitrous Oxide,( commonly referred to as Entanox) provides analgesic properties suitable for fast and effective pain relief . Pharmacodynamics Administration of N2O is painless, with a rapid onset and a short duration of action. The onset is approximately 1 to 5 minutes and the recovery time is 3 to 5minutes once the gas has been with-drawn.( Pasaron R., Burnweit C. ,Zerpa J., Malvezzi L.,Knight C., Shapiro T., Ramos-Irizarry C., Velis E.) Inhaled N2O gas molecules are absorbed into the blood stream from the lungs. As noted by Oglesbee, it provides sedation stabilizing the neurons in the brain to prevent action potentials. N2O has low solubility in blood and is transported in solution without binding to proteins. It diffuses rapidly across the alveolar– arterial membrane and is excreted unchanged, mainly through the lungs. ( S C Faddy, S R Garlick) Nitrous oxide may increase pulse rate and have depressant effects on respiration.( BOC New Zealand data sheet.) Refer to Figure three in Appendices for PharmacodynamicShow MoreRelatedAction Potentials And Its Effects On The Body1608 Words   |  7 Pagesof nerve fibers. In previous experiments, action potentials were observed. Action potentials are an all or nothing response and do not deteriorate as it travels down the length of the nerve. Action potentials are directed by voltage-gate pumps. One type of action potential is a compound action potential (CAP). CAP is an artificial response of a nerve when all the axons are simultaneously electrical stimulated. It is known that individual action potentials are voltage-dependent therefore it elicitsRead MoreA Biphasic Compound Action Potential1653 Words   |  7 Pagesbiphasic compound action potential, both the positive and negative recording electrodes were used, with the negative recording electrode at position ‘D’ and the positive recording electrode at position ‘E’ (refer to Figure 1). The extracellular bipolar re cording takes the difference between what the negative electrode picked up and what the positive electrode picked up. The first, positive deflection of the CAP was caused by the extracellular negative charge of the action potential recorded by theRead MoreThe Maturity Gap of the Banks Assets and Liabilities919 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is the duration gap of the bank of its assets and liability, that falls within the maturity of 5 years and 10 years? (Please assume current market yield is flat at 6.5%) (8 marks) For the bank’s assets reflected on the balance sheet, if the current market yields are flat at 6.5%, the largest impact of the yield effects the 5-year T-note in terms of duration. Duration drastically falls for this security compared to the 5-year personal loan that is repriced yearly in which the duration is positiveRead MoreZopiclone Is A Drug First Developed By Rhone Poulenc Rore1452 Words   |  6 Pagesincreasing the conductance of chloride ions and hyperpolarizing the neuron, the frequency of action potentials is reduced. This causes an inhibition of brain activity, causing zopiclone to have hypnotic, sedative, muscle relaxant, anxiolytic, and anticonvulsant effects (4). Zopiclone acts much in the same way as benzodiazepines when used to treat insomnia, but was believed to have less adverse effects, and less potential for developing tolerance and addiction. 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Rapid-acting insulin are associated with less hypoglycemia than regular insulin. Short-acting insulin is less commonly used than the rapid-acting insulin in patientsRead MoreThese impacts are possible to predict using some tools, being Modelling and Spatial the most800 Words   |  4 Pagesstripping, grading, trenching and backfilling, can cause effects on the soil capability and terrain stability through alteration of the morphological and physical properties, changing the soil erodibility, that is the characteristic based on the potential for soil detachment by runoff and raindrop impact. The changes of the soil physical properties together with the steep terrain, located on the base of the Coast Mountains, and the regular earthquakes caused by the Juan de Fuca plate boundary, increaseRead MoreCognitive Behavioral Therapy ( Cbt )1417 Words   |  6 Pages(p.408-09). CBT focuses on the premise that thoughts trigger an emotional response, which in turn triggers a behavior. It states that all behaviors are internally derived from our thoughts instead of being externally triggered. CBT is short term in duration and can provide rapid emotional progress since it is solution focused, often using concrete homework assignments to be able to assist clients in refocusing their current paradigm into something more constructive and positive in nature. WithinRead MoreThose Who Are Interested In Understanding Investment Opportunities1646 Words   |  7 Pagesone of the most risky funds available, but offer the highest returns. Bond funds, which consist of limited duration l oans with a fixed interest rate, use collections of bonds for a moderately safe investment. Money market funds offer the lowest financial returns on investments, but they are the most secure way to invest. Investments with higher risks generally correlate to higher potential returns, but it is always possible that even a low risk investment strategy could lose money. 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Afaf Free Essays

She has taught us everything we need to be a great researcher including being creative, thinking deeply, and the skills for presenting ideas and writing papers. She is also always approachable, nice, polite, and considerate. She is a perfect role model and we have learned so much from her. We will write a custom essay sample on Afaf or any similar topic only for you Order Now Also, we would like to thank our parents for their love and support for our entire life. Last but not least, we would like to thank God, for creating this beautiful universe and giving me this wonderful life. Dedication This research papers, our dedicated to subject professor Ma’am Lea Jason she never failed to guide us, to our family who supports me and my classmates in everything, to my friends who helped me finished this project, to the students know about what adolescence is, how affects one’s health, ways to treat it and how to treat the adolescence and most of all to God who gives me and my mates strength and good health while doing this. To all of the adolescence who are in this stage, so that they will know how that no matter adolescence are in today, and the ways that adolescence has in the past. I dedicate this research because I want them to know that adolescence can be treated with other and easy way and how they prevent them in this stage. Table of Contents . PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND Introduction a. B. State of the Problem Significance of the Study d. Methods and Sources of Data Scope and Delimitation of the Study. E. Definition of Terms Conceptual Frameworks g. II. Summary of Data A Definition B History C Kinds D Benefits Ill. Survey and Questionnaires Profile Background Parents Answers IV. Conclusion V. Appendices A. Outline B. Copy of Questionnaires VI. Bibliography l. Problem and its Background A. Introduction Adolescents is the time where we experience the difference changes or stage that occur in the period of puberty to legal adult hood. All of us experience this period of our live . There a many factors that affect in social changes it is characterized by hysterical environment, population changes, isolation and contact, attitudes and values and technological factors. Adolescents is period where we experience many problems or trials . We develop many skills and talent in this period . It is also the time of maturity. B. Statement of the problem This research was conducted to answer the following question. 1. Specific Problem What is adolescence? B. What are the different kind stage of development? . What are the ages of adolescence? What are the age of adolescence? 2. Major problem a) What are the social changes occur in the brains of adolescents today? C. Significance of the Study This study will benefit the following people. 1 . Student. 2. Parents. 3. Teacher. 4. They will know what are the problem will occur in their life. They will understand why some adolescence were depressed and sad. They will understand whither students sometimes are absent minded. Society. They can be aware to the adolescence and control or avoid the different problems. D. Methods and Sources of Data This research was conducted by finding and collecting information by following source. Library to the guide and help our research and give some information. Online Wisped , dictionary, books and module in the Internet. E. Scope Delimitation o f the Study This study focused on the opinion of the students regarding the effects of the different kind of problems. The researchers interviewed new and old students about the problems of adolescence. G. Definition of Terms 1 . Puberty. Is process of physical changes by which a child’s body matures into an adult body capable of sexual reproduction to enable fertilization. It is initiated by hormonal signals from the brain to the gonads; the ovaries in a girl, the testes in a boy. In response to the signals, the gonads produce hormones that template libido and the growth, function, and transformation of the brain, bones, muscle, blood, skin, hair, breasts, and sexual organs. 2. Maturity. In psychology, maturity is the ability to respond to the environment in an appropriate manner. This response is generally learned rather than instinctive. Maturity also encompasses being aware of the correct time and place to behave and knowing when to act appropriately, according to the circumstances and the culture of the society one lives in. [l] Adult development and maturity theories include the purpose in life concept, in which maturity emphasizes a clear comprehension of life’s repose, directness, and intentionality which, contributes to the feeling that life is meaningful. 3. Attitude. Is an expression of favor or disavow toward a person, place, thing, or event (the attitude object). . Isolation. Solitude, a state of seclusion or isolation, I. E. , lack of contact with people. 5. Adulthood. The period in the human lifespan in which full physical and intellectual maturity have been attained. Adulthood is commonly thought of as beginning at age 20 or 21 years. Middle age, commencing at about 40 years, is followed by old age at about 60 years. G. Conceptual Framewo rk Adolescence A thorough understanding of adolescence in society depends on information from various perspectives, most importantly from the areas of psychology, biology, history, sociology, education, and anthropology. Within all of these perspectives, adolescence is viewed as a transitional period between childhood and adulthood, whose cultural purpose is the preparation of children for adult roles. It is a period of multiple transitions involving education, training, employment and unemployment, as well as transitions from one living circumstance to another. A. Definition Adolescence is a transitional stage of physical and psychological human placement that generally occurs during the performed puberty to legal adulthood (age of majority). This is the process of developing from a child into an adult.. Adolescence is a time of many transitions for both teens and their families. B. History Although the first use of the word â€Å"adolescence† appeared in the 1 5th century and came from the Latin word â€Å"adolescence,† which meant â€Å"to grow up or to grow into maturity’ (Learner Steinberg, 2009, p. L), it wasn’t until 1904 that the first president of the American Psychological Association, G. Stanley Hall, was credited with discovering adolescence (Henning, 2010, p. 4). In his study entitled â€Å"Adolescence,† he described this new developmental phase that came about due to social changes at the turn of the 20th century. Because of the influence of Child Labor Laws and universal education, youth had newfound time in their teenage years when the responsibilities of adulthood were not forced upon them as quickly as in the past. Hall did not have a very positive view of this phase, and he believed that society needed to â€Å"burn out the vestiges of evil in their nature† (G. Stanley Hall, 2010). Therefore, adolescence was a time of overcoming one’s beast-like impulses as one was engulfed in a period of storm and stress† (Learner lsraeloff, 2005, p. 4). He identified three key aspects of this phase: mood disruptions, conflict with parents, and risky behavior. Other work appearing in the late asses through the asses in Europe and America helped adolescence emerge as a field of study (important earlier work by Freud, Pigged, Moscow, and Goldberg also addressed stages of development). In BEEP, we were interested in how the work of Erik Erikson related to our work and how it articulated what we knew. Erikson (1959, up. 251-263) described the impact of social experience across the whole lifespan. Erikson looked at life in eight stages. We felt that our age group of 13-23 year-olds actually struggled with the following three stages: Psychosocial Stage 4 – Industry vs.. Inferiority, age 5-11. Main Question: Am I successful or not? Through social interactions, children begin to develop a sense of pride in their accomplishments and abilities. BEEP focus: Competence. Psychosocial Stage 5 – Identity vs.. Confusion, age 12-19. Main Question: Who am I and where am I going? During adolescence, children are exploring their independence and developing a sense of self. Identity formation can take a long time and can lead to an â€Å"Identity Crisis† BEEP focus: Identity. Psychosocial Stage 6 – Intimacy vs.. Isolation, age 20-35. Main Questions: Am I loved and wanted? Should I share my life with someone or live alone? This stage covers the period of early adulthood when people are exploring personal relationships. BEEP focus: Connections. In the chapter â€Å"Developing the BEEP Framework† you will see how these areas of focus contribute directly to building our framework. In 1962, Peter Blobs published a book titled On Adolescence. BIOS, a German-born American child psychoanalyst, was known as Mr.. Adolescence as a result of his research into the problems of teens. His theories described the conflicts men’s have between wanting to break free of their parents and desiring to remain dependent. He popularized the notion that there were two individuation stages in human development. The first occurs when one is a toddler, and the second takes place when one is an adolescent and is finally able to shed family dependencies. Since maturity depends on achieving a degree of independence, it is during adolescence that the â€Å"self† develops. The goal is to be independent and to discover and celebrate one’s unique attributes as one develops one’s distinct potential. (http:// www. Miscalculation’s. Org/services/BEEP_History. SP) C. Age Adolescence has a different age. The following are Early Adolescence and Late Adolescence. 1 . Early Adolescence extends roughly from 12/13 to 16/17 years. 2. Late adolescence covers the period from 17 years to 18/19 years, the age of legal maturity. D. Stages Adolescence has different stage of development. 1 . Rapid physical development. It is a period of vital physical as well as physiological changes and developments. At this stage, all the external and internal body parts and organs achieve their full form and maturity. 2. Rapid mental development. During the early adolescence period, rapid mental placement occurs. These give rise to the need for later mental adjustments and the necessity for establishing new attitudes, values and interests. The adolescent is mentally alert at this stage. He not only develops not only his intellectual power but also his capacity to critical thinking. 3. Rapid social development. It is a period of social development and adjustment. In this stage, the child enters a new field of social responsibilities. The adolescents become socially conscious, self-assertive, and loyal towards their group, they develop co-operation and friendship and become responsible. . Stage of emotional development. Traditionally adolescence has been thought of as a period of heightened emotionality resulting from glandular and other changes. The heightening is characterized by high degree of instability. The adolescents also develop dependency and sometime independence. They also develop some special feelings like – pride, humility, curiosity, guilt, hero-worshipping etc. All these emotions must be properly guided and they should be provided knowledge to control their emotions at this stage. 5. Rapid sexual development. A number of internal and external changes take place n the sexual characteristics of the boys and the girls at the adolescence stage. At the later part of this stage they achieve sexual maturity. 6. Rapid moral development. It is also a period of moral development and changes in morality. Their moral outlook becomes progressively more abstract. Moral convictions become more concerned with What is right’ and Justice emerge as a dominant moral force. Their moral Judgment becomes less egocentric at this stage. They develop an attitude towards the service to mankind. E. Kind Social changes can be classified as: 1 . Identity. When asked to describe themselves, very young children tend to mention heir possessions (â€Å"l have a red tricycle†) or their appearances (â€Å"l am tall†). By elementary school, children include social group membership (â€Å"l am a Boy Scout†), relationships (â€Å"l am Amelia’s friend†), and some psychological traits (â€Å"l am nice†) in their definitions (Lively Brimley, 1973). By adolescence, descriptions become more complex. Adolescents realize that who they are might change with different settings or relationships (â€Å"l am shy at school but outgoing with my friends†). They also can imagine who they might be (â€Å"l am going to become a better athlete by practicing harder†). Compared to children in middle childhood, adolescents view themselves in terms of what makes them different or unique from their peers, showing that they value their individuality. Adolescents also are capable of reflecting on and evaluating themselves, which leads them to believe that they should be able to make their own decisions and create their own set of values. These changes in thinking about the self are tied to the broader issue of developing an identity, which involves the integration of all the different aspects of the self. Adolescents form their identities by trying on different ideas, appearances, behaviors, ND relationships. Adults may sometimes be frustrated by an adolescent who wants to attend a service from a different religion, dress in a nontraditional way, or hang out with a different set of friends. Although adolescents still need adult guidance, this experimentation and exploration of different possibilities of the self are considered essential in forming a healthy identity. Once an identity is established, it can be used to guide the individual’s future actions. 2. Autonomy. At one time it was believed that adolescents needed to denunciative from adults and to completely separate from adult values to be emotionally healthy. Now researchers realize that a more appropriate goal is for adolescents to become autonomous, gaining ownership over their thoughts and behaviors, but to remain emotionally connected to others (Ryan Lynch, 1989). Still, adults and adolescents must negotiate the timing and extent of this independence. In his expectancy-violation-realignment model, Collins (1990) suggests that the handing over of authority from adults to adolescents is a gradual process. Both parents and adolescents carry expectancies about how the other should behave (e. G. , an expectation that the adolescent will adhere to a refer). Times of rapid change, such as adolescence, lead to violations of expectations (e. G. , curfew is broken), resulting in conflict. To maintain the relationship (and any hope of influencing the adolescent in the future), the parent and adolescent need to resolve their conflict and realign their behavior (e. G. , adolescent resolves never to break curfew again) or, more commonly, their expectations (e. G. , a new rule is created, stating that the adolescent must phone for a curfew extension). In this way, the relationship is maintained, and more and more control is gradually languished to the adolescent. Much of the conflict surrounding issues of autonomy concerns rather mundane issues such as hairstyle, clothing, and curfew (Steinberg, 1990). In a study of autonomy, Gamesman (1988) asked adolescents in the 6th, 8th, and 10th grades and their parents to think about 24 hypothetical situations and to decide whether the adolescent or the parent should be in control of the issue. Some of these issues concerned friendship (e. G. , when to see friends, who your friends are), personal matters (e. G. , watching television, choosing clothes), and prudential matters (e. G. Mocking, eating Junk food, drinking), while others concerned moral issues (e. G. , taking someone else’s money). Not surprisingly, parents and adolescents each believed that thoughtful retain control of most of the issues, with adolescents tending to view the issues as a matter of personal choice. However, both parents and adolescents agreed that parents should retain Jurisdiction when the issue was a moral one. So al though adolescent striving for autonomy creates conflict within the family, most adolescents retain the values of their family and wish to maintain those relationships (Collins, 1997). In fact, very few adolescents (about 3% of girls and 5%-9% of boys) reject their parents outright (Router, Graham, Chadwick, Yule, 1976). Instead, parents remain important figures in adolescents’ lives and are valued for the aid and advice they provide (Farman Burmese, 1992). Adolescents’ desire for autonomy extends beyond the reach of the family and into the classroom. 3. Peer Relations. In the second decade of life adolescents begin to spend more time with their friends than they do with their parents (Larson, et al. , 1996). Friendships are a source of mutual understanding, intimacy, and commitment. Although friendships can be positive forces in adolescents’ lives, adults have expressed concern about the role of peer pressure in adolescent behavior. Research shows that conformity to peers peaks in early to indolence’s and is greatly diminished by late adolescence (Burned, 1979). In all stages of adolescence, however, the identity of one’s friends influences behaviors (Hart Stevens, 1997). Adolescents who have delinquent friends are much more likely to participate in delinquent acts than are other adolescents. It seems that delinquent adolescents not only select each other as rinds but also â€Å"train† each other in how to behave delinquently; one of the best predictors of desisting antisocial behavior is parting with friends who also engage in this behavior (Disunion, Andrews, Crosby, 1995). Alternatively, having a group of friends who value academics may lead an adolescent to improve his or her academic performance. Dating and romantic relationships have only recently begun to receive attention as important peer relationships in adolescents’ lives (Brown, Fearing, Farman, 1999; Collins, 2003). How to cite Afaf, Papers

Afaf Free Essays

She has taught us everything we need to be a great researcher including being creative, thinking deeply, and the skills for presenting ideas and writing papers. She is also always approachable, nice, polite, and considerate. She is a perfect role model and we have learned so much from her. We will write a custom essay sample on Afaf or any similar topic only for you Order Now Also, we would like to thank our parents for their love and support for our entire life. Last but not least, we would like to thank God, for creating this beautiful universe and giving me this wonderful life. Dedication This research papers, our dedicated to subject professor Ma’am Lea Jason she never failed to guide us, to our family who supports me and my classmates in everything, to my friends who helped me finished this project, to the students know about what adolescence is, how affects one’s health, ways to treat it and how to treat the adolescence and most of all to God who gives me and my mates strength and good health while doing this. To all of the adolescence who are in this stage, so that they will know how that no matter adolescence are in today, and the ways that adolescence has in the past. I dedicate this research because I want them to know that adolescence can be treated with other and easy way and how they prevent them in this stage. Table of Contents . PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND Introduction a. B. State of the Problem Significance of the Study d. Methods and Sources of Data Scope and Delimitation of the Study. E. Definition of Terms Conceptual Frameworks g. II. Summary of Data A Definition B History C Kinds D Benefits Ill. Survey and Questionnaires Profile Background Parents Answers IV. Conclusion V. Appendices A. Outline B. Copy of Questionnaires VI. Bibliography l. Problem and its Background A. Introduction Adolescents is the time where we experience the difference changes or stage that occur in the period of puberty to legal adult hood. All of us experience this period of our live . There a many factors that affect in social changes it is characterized by hysterical environment, population changes, isolation and contact, attitudes and values and technological factors. Adolescents is period where we experience many problems or trials . We develop many skills and talent in this period . It is also the time of maturity. B. Statement of the problem This research was conducted to answer the following question. 1. Specific Problem What is adolescence? B. What are the different kind stage of development? . What are the ages of adolescence? What are the age of adolescence? 2. Major problem a) What are the social changes occur in the brains of adolescents today? C. Significance of the Study This study will benefit the following people. 1 . Student. 2. Parents. 3. Teacher. 4. They will know what are the problem will occur in their life. They will understand why some adolescence were depressed and sad. They will understand whither students sometimes are absent minded. Society. They can be aware to the adolescence and control or avoid the different problems. D. Methods and Sources of Data This research was conducted by finding and collecting information by following source. Library to the guide and help our research and give some information. Online Wisped , dictionary, books and module in the Internet. E. Scope Delimitation o f the Study This study focused on the opinion of the students regarding the effects of the different kind of problems. The researchers interviewed new and old students about the problems of adolescence. G. Definition of Terms 1 . Puberty. Is process of physical changes by which a child’s body matures into an adult body capable of sexual reproduction to enable fertilization. It is initiated by hormonal signals from the brain to the gonads; the ovaries in a girl, the testes in a boy. In response to the signals, the gonads produce hormones that template libido and the growth, function, and transformation of the brain, bones, muscle, blood, skin, hair, breasts, and sexual organs. 2. Maturity. In psychology, maturity is the ability to respond to the environment in an appropriate manner. This response is generally learned rather than instinctive. Maturity also encompasses being aware of the correct time and place to behave and knowing when to act appropriately, according to the circumstances and the culture of the society one lives in. [l] Adult development and maturity theories include the purpose in life concept, in which maturity emphasizes a clear comprehension of life’s repose, directness, and intentionality which, contributes to the feeling that life is meaningful. 3. Attitude. Is an expression of favor or disavow toward a person, place, thing, or event (the attitude object). . Isolation. Solitude, a state of seclusion or isolation, I. E. , lack of contact with people. 5. Adulthood. The period in the human lifespan in which full physical and intellectual maturity have been attained. Adulthood is commonly thought of as beginning at age 20 or 21 years. Middle age, commencing at about 40 years, is followed by old age at about 60 years. G. Conceptual Framewo rk Adolescence A thorough understanding of adolescence in society depends on information from various perspectives, most importantly from the areas of psychology, biology, history, sociology, education, and anthropology. Within all of these perspectives, adolescence is viewed as a transitional period between childhood and adulthood, whose cultural purpose is the preparation of children for adult roles. It is a period of multiple transitions involving education, training, employment and unemployment, as well as transitions from one living circumstance to another. A. Definition Adolescence is a transitional stage of physical and psychological human placement that generally occurs during the performed puberty to legal adulthood (age of majority). This is the process of developing from a child into an adult.. Adolescence is a time of many transitions for both teens and their families. B. History Although the first use of the word â€Å"adolescence† appeared in the 1 5th century and came from the Latin word â€Å"adolescence,† which meant â€Å"to grow up or to grow into maturity’ (Learner Steinberg, 2009, p. L), it wasn’t until 1904 that the first president of the American Psychological Association, G. Stanley Hall, was credited with discovering adolescence (Henning, 2010, p. 4). In his study entitled â€Å"Adolescence,† he described this new developmental phase that came about due to social changes at the turn of the 20th century. Because of the influence of Child Labor Laws and universal education, youth had newfound time in their teenage years when the responsibilities of adulthood were not forced upon them as quickly as in the past. Hall did not have a very positive view of this phase, and he believed that society needed to â€Å"burn out the vestiges of evil in their nature† (G. Stanley Hall, 2010). Therefore, adolescence was a time of overcoming one’s beast-like impulses as one was engulfed in a period of storm and stress† (Learner lsraeloff, 2005, p. 4). He identified three key aspects of this phase: mood disruptions, conflict with parents, and risky behavior. Other work appearing in the late asses through the asses in Europe and America helped adolescence emerge as a field of study (important earlier work by Freud, Pigged, Moscow, and Goldberg also addressed stages of development). In BEEP, we were interested in how the work of Erik Erikson related to our work and how it articulated what we knew. Erikson (1959, up. 251-263) described the impact of social experience across the whole lifespan. Erikson looked at life in eight stages. We felt that our age group of 13-23 year-olds actually struggled with the following three stages: Psychosocial Stage 4 – Industry vs.. Inferiority, age 5-11. Main Question: Am I successful or not? Through social interactions, children begin to develop a sense of pride in their accomplishments and abilities. BEEP focus: Competence. Psychosocial Stage 5 – Identity vs.. Confusion, age 12-19. Main Question: Who am I and where am I going? During adolescence, children are exploring their independence and developing a sense of self. Identity formation can take a long time and can lead to an â€Å"Identity Crisis† BEEP focus: Identity. Psychosocial Stage 6 – Intimacy vs.. Isolation, age 20-35. Main Questions: Am I loved and wanted? Should I share my life with someone or live alone? This stage covers the period of early adulthood when people are exploring personal relationships. BEEP focus: Connections. In the chapter â€Å"Developing the BEEP Framework† you will see how these areas of focus contribute directly to building our framework. In 1962, Peter Blobs published a book titled On Adolescence. BIOS, a German-born American child psychoanalyst, was known as Mr.. Adolescence as a result of his research into the problems of teens. His theories described the conflicts men’s have between wanting to break free of their parents and desiring to remain dependent. He popularized the notion that there were two individuation stages in human development. The first occurs when one is a toddler, and the second takes place when one is an adolescent and is finally able to shed family dependencies. Since maturity depends on achieving a degree of independence, it is during adolescence that the â€Å"self† develops. The goal is to be independent and to discover and celebrate one’s unique attributes as one develops one’s distinct potential. (http:// www. Miscalculation’s. Org/services/BEEP_History. SP) C. Age Adolescence has a different age. The following are Early Adolescence and Late Adolescence. 1 . Early Adolescence extends roughly from 12/13 to 16/17 years. 2. Late adolescence covers the period from 17 years to 18/19 years, the age of legal maturity. D. Stages Adolescence has different stage of development. 1 . Rapid physical development. It is a period of vital physical as well as physiological changes and developments. At this stage, all the external and internal body parts and organs achieve their full form and maturity. 2. Rapid mental development. During the early adolescence period, rapid mental placement occurs. These give rise to the need for later mental adjustments and the necessity for establishing new attitudes, values and interests. The adolescent is mentally alert at this stage. He not only develops not only his intellectual power but also his capacity to critical thinking. 3. Rapid social development. It is a period of social development and adjustment. In this stage, the child enters a new field of social responsibilities. The adolescents become socially conscious, self-assertive, and loyal towards their group, they develop co-operation and friendship and become responsible. . Stage of emotional development. Traditionally adolescence has been thought of as a period of heightened emotionality resulting from glandular and other changes. The heightening is characterized by high degree of instability. The adolescents also develop dependency and sometime independence. They also develop some special feelings like – pride, humility, curiosity, guilt, hero-worshipping etc. All these emotions must be properly guided and they should be provided knowledge to control their emotions at this stage. 5. Rapid sexual development. A number of internal and external changes take place n the sexual characteristics of the boys and the girls at the adolescence stage. At the later part of this stage they achieve sexual maturity. 6. Rapid moral development. It is also a period of moral development and changes in morality. Their moral outlook becomes progressively more abstract. Moral convictions become more concerned with What is right’ and Justice emerge as a dominant moral force. Their moral Judgment becomes less egocentric at this stage. They develop an attitude towards the service to mankind. E. Kind Social changes can be classified as: 1 . Identity. When asked to describe themselves, very young children tend to mention heir possessions (â€Å"l have a red tricycle†) or their appearances (â€Å"l am tall†). By elementary school, children include social group membership (â€Å"l am a Boy Scout†), relationships (â€Å"l am Amelia’s friend†), and some psychological traits (â€Å"l am nice†) in their definitions (Lively Brimley, 1973). By adolescence, descriptions become more complex. Adolescents realize that who they are might change with different settings or relationships (â€Å"l am shy at school but outgoing with my friends†). They also can imagine who they might be (â€Å"l am going to become a better athlete by practicing harder†). Compared to children in middle childhood, adolescents view themselves in terms of what makes them different or unique from their peers, showing that they value their individuality. Adolescents also are capable of reflecting on and evaluating themselves, which leads them to believe that they should be able to make their own decisions and create their own set of values. These changes in thinking about the self are tied to the broader issue of developing an identity, which involves the integration of all the different aspects of the self. Adolescents form their identities by trying on different ideas, appearances, behaviors, ND relationships. Adults may sometimes be frustrated by an adolescent who wants to attend a service from a different religion, dress in a nontraditional way, or hang out with a different set of friends. Although adolescents still need adult guidance, this experimentation and exploration of different possibilities of the self are considered essential in forming a healthy identity. Once an identity is established, it can be used to guide the individual’s future actions. 2. Autonomy. At one time it was believed that adolescents needed to denunciative from adults and to completely separate from adult values to be emotionally healthy. Now researchers realize that a more appropriate goal is for adolescents to become autonomous, gaining ownership over their thoughts and behaviors, but to remain emotionally connected to others (Ryan Lynch, 1989). Still, adults and adolescents must negotiate the timing and extent of this independence. In his expectancy-violation-realignment model, Collins (1990) suggests that the handing over of authority from adults to adolescents is a gradual process. Both parents and adolescents carry expectancies about how the other should behave (e. G. , an expectation that the adolescent will adhere to a refer). Times of rapid change, such as adolescence, lead to violations of expectations (e. G. , curfew is broken), resulting in conflict. To maintain the relationship (and any hope of influencing the adolescent in the future), the parent and adolescent need to resolve their conflict and realign their behavior (e. G. , adolescent resolves never to break curfew again) or, more commonly, their expectations (e. G. , a new rule is created, stating that the adolescent must phone for a curfew extension). In this way, the relationship is maintained, and more and more control is gradually languished to the adolescent. Much of the conflict surrounding issues of autonomy concerns rather mundane issues such as hairstyle, clothing, and curfew (Steinberg, 1990). In a study of autonomy, Gamesman (1988) asked adolescents in the 6th, 8th, and 10th grades and their parents to think about 24 hypothetical situations and to decide whether the adolescent or the parent should be in control of the issue. Some of these issues concerned friendship (e. G. , when to see friends, who your friends are), personal matters (e. G. , watching television, choosing clothes), and prudential matters (e. G. Mocking, eating Junk food, drinking), while others concerned moral issues (e. G. , taking someone else’s money). Not surprisingly, parents and adolescents each believed that thoughtful retain control of most of the issues, with adolescents tending to view the issues as a matter of personal choice. However, both parents and adolescents agreed that parents should retain Jurisdiction when the issue was a moral one. So al though adolescent striving for autonomy creates conflict within the family, most adolescents retain the values of their family and wish to maintain those relationships (Collins, 1997). In fact, very few adolescents (about 3% of girls and 5%-9% of boys) reject their parents outright (Router, Graham, Chadwick, Yule, 1976). Instead, parents remain important figures in adolescents’ lives and are valued for the aid and advice they provide (Farman Burmese, 1992). Adolescents’ desire for autonomy extends beyond the reach of the family and into the classroom. 3. Peer Relations. In the second decade of life adolescents begin to spend more time with their friends than they do with their parents (Larson, et al. , 1996). Friendships are a source of mutual understanding, intimacy, and commitment. Although friendships can be positive forces in adolescents’ lives, adults have expressed concern about the role of peer pressure in adolescent behavior. Research shows that conformity to peers peaks in early to indolence’s and is greatly diminished by late adolescence (Burned, 1979). In all stages of adolescence, however, the identity of one’s friends influences behaviors (Hart Stevens, 1997). Adolescents who have delinquent friends are much more likely to participate in delinquent acts than are other adolescents. It seems that delinquent adolescents not only select each other as rinds but also â€Å"train† each other in how to behave delinquently; one of the best predictors of desisting antisocial behavior is parting with friends who also engage in this behavior (Disunion, Andrews, Crosby, 1995). Alternatively, having a group of friends who value academics may lead an adolescent to improve his or her academic performance. Dating and romantic relationships have only recently begun to receive attention as important peer relationships in adolescents’ lives (Brown, Fearing, Farman, 1999; Collins, 2003). How to cite Afaf, Papers

There are no moral absolutes Essay Example

There are no moral absolutes Paper Moral absolutism is the view that morale standards are unchanging and universal. On the opposite side of the spectrum there is a relativist approach. Relativists believe that moral claims are true or false depending on the moral standpoint. These opposing viewpoints can bring about great societal and political debates even in the modern days. Recent examples include the attempt to legalise euthanasia in the UK and the protest to get rid of abortion laws in the Republic of Ireland. Both of these situations are trying to legalise specific forms of murder. An absolutist in this situation will argue that all killing is wrong therefore current laws are right, whereas a relativist would look at specific standpoints, such as quality of life for euthanasia. In this essay I will attempt to explore both sides of the argument coming to my conclusion that relativism is a superior standpoint and that there are no moral absolutes. Some absolutist people disagree with the above statement about moral absolutes. This is because absolutism is a deontological argument which judges the morality of an action based on the actions appliance to rules. For Christians these rules might link back to the Ten Commandments. One of which is â€Å"thou shalt not murder†, this clearly and undeniably is an unbreakable law in the eyes of an absolutist. Another argument for their being moral absolute is that of a criticism to relativist acts. By Relativist thinking it is quite easy to come to the conclusion that slavery was a perfectly moral thing to do. To an absolutist, slavery did not become immoral when it was abolished, it was simply always immoral and being imposed by immoral governments. We will write a custom essay sample on There are no moral absolutes specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on There are no moral absolutes specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on There are no moral absolutes specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Per Contra the relativist approach has been backed by many a philosopher including the famous Empiricist, John Locke. Locke believed that absolutes were an abomination from his religious standpoint. He believed this because Absolutism subjected people to abide by absolute rules set by other people at some point. This goes against his belief that all people were created equal by God. By enforcing Absolutism we raise our rule imposing leaders to a God like Status of which no man should be. Furthermore this goes against the fist commandment that men should serve God alone; if we serve a ruler we can then not worship God. Another argument for Relativism is that absolutist moral standards, in some circumstances can lead onto extreme evils. The famous example that illustrates this is that of a crazed axe-murderer coming to your front door and asking you where your children are. Now a relativist could lie based on the circumstances thus saving his children whereas an absolutist must tell the murderer where the children are with full knowledge that they will be killed, thus allowing an even greater evil to be committed, they could even be called an accessory to the murder of their own children. Furthermore there cannot be moral absolutes as eventually they will contradict each other. For example, Jewish doctors in the Holocaust performed abortions to prevent women from being sent to the gas chambers. Two rules here are conflicting. One of which is that Doctors should not perform abortions and another that Doctors should try and save lives. Either way from an absolutist standpoint the doctor will be doing the wrong thing, but a relativist approach allows us to overlook this. On the other hand, there may have to be moral absolutes, because if everything is relativists then how do we decide what rules to abide by. If two tribes cross paths on a Sunday and one of which believes that a sacrifice should be made on Sunday whereas the other tribe does not, if the first tribe then sacrifices a member of the other tribe, it that then morally right or wrong. A relativist would say that it is right for the first tribe but wrong for the second. But how can society work based on right for me, wrong for you system without falling into moral conflict and chaos. Moreover, some relativist arguments when further analysed have absolutist roots, proving there are moral absolutes. For example, the Eskimo practice of leaving female infants out to die as so future male hunters could thrive appeared to be a significant disagreement between their moral systems and ours therefore seeming to deny the universal approach of Absolutism. But when dug deeper, given the hardships of the Eskimos to survive and limited resources for survival, keeping every child puts the whole family at risk. So there is actually a fundamental moral value of preserving life that we share with the Eskimos. The only difference being that they have to make choices based on what they value most (future hunters), these choices we do not have to face. This said the Eskimo example is also a benefactor the relativist approach of situation ethics. Joseph Fletcher, founder of situation ethics argued that in certain situations, absolutist principle have to be put to one side in order to do the right thing. He believed that absolutism didn’t lead to the best of most loving outcome, and the best thing to do may be to break a rule. Utilitarian also reject moral absolutes and focus more on consequences. They believe that the right action is the one that brings the most pleasure and the least pain. Sometimes this may admit Killing in order to save more lives. For Jeremy Bentham, there was no rule he would not break in order to bring about greater happiness. In short if there are no moral absolutes we are left with a Relativist state of mind. This is the belief that moral reasoning is a matter of taste and opinion and is subjective and relative to time and culture. Leading to conclusions such as the killing of Eskimo girls to be morally correct and the act of abortion by a World War 2 doctor also to be moral. Whereas if there are moral absolutes than the same moral rules are applicable all across the world and throughout history. These rules may be some form of innate knowledge or come from the divinity of God and do not change as opinion does. Meaning that if slavery comes back into fashion and is agreed upon to be good, it does not make it morale. In conclusion, I hold a relativist point of view because different cultures have to adapt to live in their surroundings. Extreme measures are often taken for survival which to us in western society would seem abhorrent; however it is for the greater good of future generations. I very much believe that ends justify the means therefore making me a Consequentialist even if rules such as absolutist murder have to be broken. Finally morale absolutes can also seem cruel, for example branding Euthanasia as murder makes people live their final days in unimaginable pain, whereas a relativist approach could give people a dignified end to their life, is that not moral.

Invention of Credit Cards

Invention of Credit Cards What is credit? And what is a credit card? Credit is a method of selling goods or services without the buyer having cash in hand. So a credit card is simply an automatic way of offering credit to a consumer. Today, every credit card carries an identification number that speeds up shopping transactions. Imagine what a credit purchase would be like without it.  The sales person would have to record your identity, billing address and terms of repayment. According to Encyclopedia Britannica, the use of credit cards originated in the United States during the 1920s, when individual firms, such as oil companies and hotel chains, began issuing them to customers. However, references to credit cards have been made as far back as 1890 in Europe. Early credit cards involved sales directly between the merchant offering the credit and credit card and that merchants customer. Around 1938, companies started to accept each others cards. Today, credit cards allow you to make purchases with countless third parties. The Shape of Credit Cards Credit cards were not always been made of plastic. Throughout history, there have been credit tokens made from metal coins, metal plates, and celluloid, metal, fiber, paper and now mostly plastic cards. First Bank Credit Card The inventor of the first bank issued credit card was John Biggins of the Flatbush National Bank of Brooklyn in New York. In 1946, Biggins invented the Charge-It program between bank customers and local merchants. The way it worked was that merchants could deposit sales slips into the bank and the bank billed the customer who used the card. Diners Club Credit Card In 1950, the Diners Club issued their credit card in the United States. The Diners Club credit card was invented by Diners  Club founder Frank McNamara as a way to pay restaurant bills. A customer could eat without cash at any restaurant that would accept Diners Club credit cards. Diners Club would pay the restaurant and the credit card holder would repay Diners Club. The Diners Club card was at first technically a charge card rather than a credit card since the customer had to repay the entire amount when billed by Diners  Club. American Express issued their first credit card in 1958. Bank of America issued the BankAmericard (now Visa) bank credit card later in 1958. The Popularity of Credit Cards Credit cards were first promoted to traveling salesmen (they were more common in that era) for use on the road. By the early 1960s, more companies offered credit cards by advertising them as a time-saving device rather than a form of credit. American Express and MasterCard became huge successes overnight. By the mid-70s, the U.S. Congress begin regulating the credit card industry by banning practices such as the mass mailing of active credit cards to those who had not requested them. However, not all regulations have been as consumer friendly. In 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court in case Smiley vs. Citibank lifted restrictions on the number of late penalty fees a credit card company could charge. Deregulation has also allowed very high-interest rates to be charged.

Lexeme - Definition, Etymology and Examples

Lexeme s In linguistics, a lexeme is the fundamental unit of the lexicon (or word stock) of a language. Also known as a  lexical unit,  lexical item,  or  lexical word. In corpus linguistics, lexemes are commonly referred to as lemmas. A lexeme is oftenbut not alwaysan individual word (a simple lexeme or dictionary word, as its sometimes called). A single dictionary word (for example, talk) may have a number of inflectional forms or grammatical variants (in this example, talks, talked, talking). A multiword (or composite) lexeme is a lexeme made up of more than one orthographic  word, such as a phrasal verb (e.g., speak up;  pull through), an open compound (fire engine;  couch potato), or an idiom (throw in the towel;  give up the ghost). The way in which a lexeme can be used in a sentence is determined by its word class or grammatical category. Etymology From the Greek, word, speech Examples and Observations A lexeme is a unit of lexical meaning, which exists regardless of any inflectional endings it may have or the number of words it may contain. Thus, fibrillate, rain cats and dogs, and come in are all lexemes, as are elephant, jog, cholesterol, happiness, put up with, face the music, and hundreds of thousands of other meaningful items in English. The headwords in a dictionary are all lexemes.(David Crystal, The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, 2003) Specifications of Lexemes [A] lexeme is a linguistic item defined  by the following specifications, which make up what is called the lexical entry for this item: its sound form and its spelling (for languages with a written standard);the grammatical category of  the lexeme (noun,  intransitive verb, adjective, etc.);its inherent grammatical properties (for some languages, e.g. gender);the set of grammatical forms it may take, in particular, irregular forms;its lexical meaning.These specifications apply to both simple and composite lexemes.(Sebastian Là ¶bner,  Understanding Semantics. Routledge, 2013) The Meanings of Lexemes Definitions are an attempt to characterize  the meaning or sense of a lexeme and to distinguish the meaning of the lexeme concerned from the meanings of other lexemes in the same semantic field, for example, the elephant from other large mammals. There is  a sense in which a definition characterizes the potential meaning of a lexeme; the meaning only becomes precise  as it is actualized in a context. Since the division of the meaning of a lexeme into senses is based on the variation of meaning perceived  in different contexts, a tension exists in lexicography between the recognition of separate senses and the potentiality of meaning found in definitions. This may well account in large part for the divergence  between  similar-sized dictionaries in the number of senses recorded and in consequent differences of definition.(Howard Jackson and  Ã¢â‚¬Å½Etienne Zà © Amvela,  Words, Meaning and Vocabulary: An Introduction to Modern English Lexicology, 2nd ed. Continuum, 200 5) Invariable and Variable Lexemes In many cases, it makes no difference whether we take a syntactic or a lexical perspective. Lexemes such as the and and are invariable, i.e., there is only one word corresponding to each. Also invariable are lexemes like efficiently: although more efficiently is in some respects like harder, it is not a single word, but a sequence of two, and hence efficiently and more efficiently are not forms of a single lexeme. Variable lexemes, by contrast, are those which have two or more forms. Where we need to make clear that we are considering an item as a lexeme, not a word, we will represent it in bold italics. Hard, for example, represents the lexeme which has hard and harderand also hardestas its forms. Similarly are and is, along with be, been, being, etc., are forms of the lexeme be. . . . A variable lexeme is thus a word-sized lexical item considered in abstraction from grammatical properties that vary depending on the syntactic construction in which it appears.(Rodney Huddleston and G eoffroy Pullum, The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge University Press, 2002) Pronunciation: LECK-seem

INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS AND FINANCE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS AND FINANCE - Essay Example The exchange rate of the local currency comes down due to interplay of demand and supply. The floating exchange rate system based on demand and supply is a self-adjusting mechanism in market economy. But, stability in exchange rate is very important for the growth of the economy. Therefore, the central bank of a country exercises its monetary authority to ensure that the local currency is traded around the desired or target exchange rate. The central bank closely monitors movements of exchange rate of the country’s currency. It will intervene in the market by resorting to open market purchase or sale of currencies to maintain stability or for influencing the exchange rate of the local currency in relation to foreign currencies. Spanjers (2009, p. 10) stated â€Å"As the expectation of stable exchange rates tends to promote trade and thus welfare, the monetary authority of each country commits itself to exchange rate targets.† Central bank also in its liquidity managemen t through monetary policies influences money supply in the country with a view to regulate interest rates and keep inflation under control. Money supply in a country will also influence the behaviour of exchange rates. The interest rates and inflation are closely linked to the behaviour of the exchange rate. Gold standard system In Bretton Woods Conference in 1914 the participant countries have agreed to adopt gold standard system which envisaged economic discipline among the nations. But, it could not succeed in achieving the objectives mainly due to currency devaluation spree post-World War-I by the countries to maintain or improve their exports. While devaluation strategy was adopted to make the countries’ products competitive in the world market, in order to make the local products more competitive locally, they also introduced trade restrictions which made the imports costlier. These measures taken by the governments for protecting their national economies had severe imp act on the international trade. To stem this tide in international economy, International Monetary Fund was created in Bretton Woods in 1944 with the aim of preserving global monetary order. The exchange rates of the currencies fixed in relation to US Dollar or gold could not work smoothly for a long period. Defending these fixed exchange rates has become increasingly difficult due to several factors. Under the fixed exchange rate regime the country has to continuously monitor the system and impose several restrictions on transactions involving foreign exchange. These restrictions are likely to encourage black market operations in foreign exchange. The question of devaluation of the currency for a country with fragile economy is the greatest cause for concern. The countries’ current account imbalances caused failure of the system because under consistent deficit in current account a currency cannot be kept artificially at a higher exchange rate. Stability in Floating exchange rates and economy The stability factor, being the major concern relating to exchange rates, could not be addressed in floating exchange rate system based on demand and supply for currencies as well. The process of self adjustment expected to come into play is affected by several factors. For example, when a currency becomes weak, the imports become costlier and exports more profitable and the volume of exports is expected to increase. The increased demand for local currency due to exports and

Analysis of options and recommendations for action Assignment

Analysis of options and recommendations for action - Assignment Example This change in tourism trend could be attributed to uncertain economic conditions, stagnant salaries, rising inflation, and growing threat of terror attacks. Therefore many of the UK citizens think that it is better to visit domestic tourist destinations that are in close proximity to them so as to maintain a good balance between their income and expenses. Evidently, such an adverse trend change in the tourism sector would negatively affect the travel business. This report will examine how the travel agency could respond to this change and suggest specific strategies to boost sales in the context of the change. The declining trend of outbound tourism in UK poses great threats to travel and tourism businesses that increasingly rely on people visiting overseas countries (Travel Mole, 2014). The recent global financial crisis together with rising daily living expenses significantly contributed to this trend because people strongly believed that outbound tourism would cause them to incur huge costs. In addition, there has been a trend of decrease in the ownership of overseas holiday homes in UK over the last few years. The English people think that visiting domestic tourist destinations is a better way to cut down huge expenses associated with outbound tourism and save for the future. The growing threat of terror attacks across the world also discourages UK citizens to enjoy overseas holidays or to own overseas holiday homes (Page, 2011, p.75). A SWOT analysis is a better tool to analyse the internal and external environments of the travel and tourism sectors. While analysing the internal strengths of the UK travel industry, it seems that the country has a well developed infrastructure that support travel and tourism businesses. High cost of operations is a major weakness of these sectors as this issue negatively affects people’s overseas holiday

Porphyria’s Lover and My Last Duchess Essay -- Robert Browning, Poem,

The two poems that I am comparing are Porphyria’s Lover and My Last Duchess, both early nineteenth century dramatic monologues by Robert Browning. Compare the three dramatic monologues you have studied on the way in which the characters reveal their true nature through what they say. The two poems that I am comparing are Porphyria’s Lover and My Last Duchess, both early nineteenth century dramatic monologues by Robert Browning. A dramatic monologue is a poem in which only one person speaks, but the presence of another person is usually felt. The narrator reveals a great deal about himself without any apparent intention of doing so. In both of these dramatic monologues, it appears that the speaker has murdered their mistress and is reflecting upon their actions while contemplating the image of their lover’s beautiful face. Both are selfish men who were jealous of their victims. The two speakers came from very different backgrounds, one a rich and powerful Duke, the other a low-born worker living in rural simplicity. Porphyria’s Lover is a love story told in the words of a simple man obsessed by his love for a woman of noble birth. The first five lines describe the weather on a miserable, wet evening. This is Browning’s use of pathetic fallacy, giving the works of nature human feelings – the feelings of the speaker. ====================================================================== â€Å"The sullen wind was soon awake, It tore the elm tops down for spite, And its worse to vex the lake:† The speaker is longing for his lover and feeling miserable but then she arrives. The whole mood changes from darkness and cold, to warmth and light. His mood change is shown by â€Å"she shut the cold out†, both ... ... saw the young Duchess, a work of art, something that he owned and could show off, and something that he could also discard when it no longer pleased him. The speaker in Porphyria’s Lover, reveals himself to be someone who speaks his heart and does not ‘fence around’ the truth like the Duke. Although the Duke says he does not have skilled speech, its is obvious that his diction is carefully chosen through out. He is almost inviting the listener to disagree with him. â€Å"Even had you the skill In speech – (which I have not)† The speaker in Porphyria’s Lover uses a much simpler diction, as he will not have been as well educated as the Duke. Both men are murderers, one because of love, which he feels, could never be accepted because of the social divide, the other as a result of jealousy, arrogance and spite, again occasioned by the difference in class.

There Is Nothing That Younger Generation Can Teach the Older One

There is nothing that younger generation can teach the older one Even though it seems that the older generation knows everything, the youth can still teach something new, because they can instruct elder in the subject of new technology, culture life and provide with incentive new ideas. First of all, the youth helps the elder with the technology of 21 century, such as different technical gadgets as laptops, IPhones, IPods, banks machine or techniques for housework and other.For example, my mom was always bothering my brother about how to work with a computer (sometimes it was really funny to watch how she was afraid of clicking the mouse). After some mild lessons, not only she knew how to work with Microsoft Office, but also did she know about how to register on such social network as  «Odnoklasnyky ». Secondly, a lot of people met such problem as generation gap, which is caused by lack of communication between young and older members of a family that is why the younger generatio n can instruct the older in aspect of youth culture, in order to solve the problem.As an example, there was a program on TV, where a grandfather and his grandson were banjo jumping together, whereas the grandfather was about 60 years old. And now he is going to climb a mountain in China because of the grandson’s influence. Eventually, the youth learn really fast and they are full of exciting ideas and enthusiasm as well, thus they aspire to be successful other people. For instance, there was a boy who at the age of 10 built a music player called the Synapse Media Player that used artificial intelligence to learn the user's listening habits.Microsoft tried to purchase Synapse, but he denied. Now everyone knows Mark Zuckerberg, who at the age of 20, created the social networking site Facebook. And now he reads lectures for those people who are much older than he is. On the whole, the thought that older generation has nothing to learn from younger generation is false. There will be always something to learn from the younger generation.

A Brief History of Slot Machines

According to Legal Slots, the term slot machines was originally used for all automatic vending machines as well as for the gambling devices, it was not until the 20th century that the term became restricted to the latter. A fruit machine is one British term for a slot machine. The one-armed bandit is another popular nickname. Charles Fey Liberty Bell The first mechanical slot machine was the Liberty Bell, invented in 1895 by car mechanic, Charles Fey (1862–1944) of San Francisco. The Liberty Bell slot machine had three spinning reels. Diamond, spade, and heart symbols were painted around each reel, plus the image of a cracked Liberty Bell. A spin resulting in three Liberty Bells in a row gave the biggest payoff, a grand total of fifty cents or ten nickels. The original Liberty Bell slot machine can still be seen be at the Liberty Belle Saloon Restaurant in Reno, Nevada. Other Charles Fey machines include the Draw Power, and Three Spindle and the Klondike. In 1901, Charles Fey invented the first draw poker machine. Charles Fey was also the inventor of the trade check separator, which was used in the Liberty Bell. The hole in the middle of the trade check allowed a detecting pin to distinguish fake nickels or slugs from real nickels. Fey rented his machines to saloons and bars based on a 50/50 split of the profits.​ Demand for Slot Machines Grows The demand for Liberty Bell slot machines was huge. Fey could not build them fast enough in his small shop. Gambling supply manufacturers tried to buy the manufacturing and distribution rights to the Liberty Bell, however, Charles Fey refused to sell. As a result in 1907, Herbert Mills, a Chicago manufacturer of arcade machines, began production of a slot machine, a knock-off of Feys Liberty Bell, called the Operator Bell. Mills was the first person to place fruit symbols: i.e. lemons, plums, and cherries on machines. How The Original Slots Worked Inside each cast iron slot machine there were three metal hoops called reels. Each reel had ten symbols painted on it. A lever was pulled that spun the reels. When the reels stopped, a jackpot was awarded if three of a kind of symbol lined up. The payoff in coinage was then dispensed from the machine. Age of Electronics The first popular electric gambling machine was the 1934 animated horse race machine called PACES RACES. In 1964, the first all-electronic gambling machine was built by Nevada Electronic called the 21 machine. Other all electronic versions of gambling games followed including ones for dice, roulette, horse racing, and poker (Dale Electronics Poker-Matic was very popular). In 1975, the first electronic slot machine was built by the Fortune Coin Company.